Prof Flack English 6 British Literature STUDY GUIDE EXAM #1

 

Prof Flack English 6 British Literature STUDY GUIDE EXAM #1

For each work:

1.       Summarize the Plot

2.       Identify the major characters and their main attributes

a.       Anything you know about them: appearance, social position, attitudes, beliefs, etc.

3.       Identify major themes, motifs, symbols, morals etc…

4.       Identify major quotes (which help you understand the above)

*Women             Religion*             *Chivalry             *Life and Death (Mortality)

Beowulf:

Genre, Introduction, Notes:

Genre: Elegy epic poem (glory to tragic death, inevitable death, death is part of nature)

No one knows the exact author

Thane: granted land by the king, classed over a freeman, but lower than a nobleman

PLOT/ SUMMARY:

·         Introduction to past and present King

·         Introduction to Beowulf and his “quest” to be fulfill a debt, display his greatness, and to loyally serve upon his conquest.

·         Hrothgar holds large gatherings, feast / “drink parties” and the author lets the reader know of Grendel and his wrongful acts.

·         Beowulf travels to Denmark with a few of his men, where he learns of Grendel’s evil attacks over the years.

·         Hrothgar holds a feast to celebrate his acceptance towards Beowulf’s intention of defeating Grendel

·         Grendel comes to the hall and Beowulf fight it out with no weapons, by choice of Beowulf which Beowulf is again trying to display his greatness and strength by dueling with Grendel bare fist.

·         Grendel is defeated, but escapes to die in the swamp, apparently where he is from, but armless, because it is ripped off during his fight with Beowulf. Beowulf displays his arm as a trophy for all to see in Hearot.

·         Grendel’s mother comes for vengeance, ends up killing Aeschere, and Beowulf and crew go to swamps to find and kill her.

·         Beowulf dives into the swamp, the evil family’s underwater housing, and their Beowulf kills and Grendel’s mother, also sees Grendel’s body, and chops off his Grendel’s head as a gift to Hrothgar.

·         Beowulf goes back to the Geatland and reunites with King Hygelac and Queen Hygd where they exchange gifts.

·         Time passes, and Beowulf rules for fifty years and becomes older.

·         A thief, awakens a Dragon, which is protecting plenty of riches, the Dragon becomes enraged and unleashes his fury on the Geats.

·         Beowulf chooses to fight the Dragon, although knows he is death is unevitable, predicts he may die in this battle. Wiglaf comes along in battle.

·         Although Wiglaf’s strike actually kills the Dragon, Wiglaf awards Beowulf with the death of the Dragon (author might be displaying a sense of honor here).

·         Beowulf suffers a Dragon strike/bite that succumbs to his death

·         Beowulf is burned with riches and

CHARACTERS:

v  Beowulf:

§  Main character

§  Author and himself, boast highly of Beowulf

¨       “Beowulf’s doings / were praised over and over again. / Nowhere, they said, north or south / between the two seas or under the tall sky / on the broad earth was there anyone better / to raise a shield or to rule a kingdom.” (855-60)

§  Known to be a great fighter, loyal, cocky

v  Shield Sheafson:

§  A good king (11)

§  Wrecker of mead-benches (5)

§  One of the first great kings of the Danes

§  Was given a gigantic at sea burial

¨       I believe the author is portraying how higher class people can be honored in their death, as well as how people are prepped into their journey towards life after death.

v  Hrothgar:

§  King of the majority of the story (King during Grendel’s attacks on the Danes)

§  Helped Beowulf’s father, Ecgtheow’, settle a fued

¨       I believe the author is letting us know a little history, that tribes would help one another out, which can go into further detail of the life and times of that time period.

§  One of his important officials, Aeschere, was killed by Grendel’s mother, and Hrothgar has a real hard time dealing with it.

 

v  Grendel:

§  Antagonist of the story

§  Attacks warriors in the Heoroth, the great hall, in the night as they sleep

v  Grendel’s Mother:

§  Plays in important part of vengeance in the story, as she seeks vengeance of Grendel’s death, in which Beowulf defeated the cannibalistic creature.

v  Unferth:

§  Doesn’t think too highly of Beowulf

§  Thane of Hrothgar

§  Lends Beowulf his weapons

v  Great Queen Modthryth

§  Wicked queen who punishes those who look at her the wrong way. I believe the author describes her to show contrast between her and other queens.

v  Dragon

§   Ancient beast that dwells upon a hidden mound that is home to many treasures.

ANALYZIZATIONS:

·         Honor

·         Death

·         Vengeance

·         Glory

·         Fate

·         Good v Evil

·         Greed

·         Loyalty

SIGNIFICATE QUOTES:

“So every elder and experienced councilman / among my people supported my resolve / to come here to you, King Hrothgar, / because all knew of my awesome strength. They had seen me bolstered in the blood of enemies / when I battled and bound five beasts, / raided a troll-nest and in the night-sea / slaughtered sea-brutes. / I have suffered extremes / and avenged the Geats (their enemies brought it / upon themselves; I devastated them)”. (415-24)

“Do not give way to pride.  For a brief while your strength is in bloom but it fades quickly...” (1761-2).

“Your piercing eye will dim and darken; and death will arrive, dear warrior, to sweep you away.” (1976-8).

Significance or Conveyance:

Life and Tragic Death

You bloom with life and strength, like the seasons, consequently we begin to wither away and death comes whether we like it or not. No matter how amazing you maybe come he is simply a man, this elegy, starting with a funeral and with a praise of his death.

Lanval:

Genre, Introduction, Notes:

Focus: How is chivalry and courtly

Possible theme;

“In Lanval, the duties one owes to one’s lord and one’s lady come into conflict as the principles of chivalry and courtly love come into conflict.”

PLOT/ SUMMARY:

·         Lanval is introduced; he is described as being left out (by the King’s gifts)

o   “Arthur forgot about him, / and none of his men favored him either. / For his valor, for his generosity, / his beauty and his bravery, / most men envied him” (20-3)

·         Lanval “was in difficulty, depressed and very worried” (33-4)

·         He leaves the city with his horse and rests near a meadow and stream.

·         There he sees two girls (54)

·         “Sir Lanval, my lady, / who is worthy and wise and beautiful, / sent us for you. / Come with us now. / We shall guide you there safely. / See her pavilion is nearby! / The Knight went with them” (71-7)

·         Lanval falls in love with this Fairy, which they have a pact between one another

·         Lanval is seduced by Queen and shows he is chivalric duty to the king by pronouncing he will not be with her.

·         The queen is angered and calls him a homosexual

·         Lanval than says the one he is in love with more beautiful than she.

·         Queen is angered and runs off and tells the King, lies and says that Lanval came on to her and insulted/ offended her as well. (319)

·         The King puts Lanval to trial (325)

·         Lanval is to be beheaded, but two girls, more again more beautiful than the queen, come to announce that Lanval’s lover is coming.

·         The town is awe by all the foreign beauty

·         Lanval’s lover announces that the queen is a liar and to let Lanval go: “He has been accused in your court--/ I don’t want him to suffer / for what he said; you should know / that the queen was in the wrong. / He never made advances to her. / And for the boast he made, / if he can be acquitted through me” (617-23)

·         Lanval is set free and jumps onto the horse with his lover and they go off to be with one another. (645)

CHARACTERS:

v  Lanval

§  Main character, “gave rich gifts/ released prisoners/ dressed jongleurs (performers)/ offered great honors” (209-12), trials with courtly love, wrongfully accused, is saved and goes off to not return with his rescuing love.

v  The Lady Lanval falls in love

§  Most beautiful lady anyone has everseen

§  Supernatural (fairy) person falls in love and saves Lanval

v  King Arthur

§  Sentences Lanval to trial and to be beheaded.

v  Queen Guinevere

§  Seduces Lanval, insults him, and sets him up

ANALYZIZATIONS:

·         Chivalry

·         Courtly Love

·         Role reversal (men vs women)

·         Duty ( to lord or love)

·         Women (temptresses)

§  Guinevere tempts Lanval and once rejected, in public she says Lanval came on to her (liar!).

·         Vindictive Women

·         Supernatural women

 

SIGNIFICATE QUOTES:

“I’ve served the king a long time; / I don’t want to betray my faith to him. Never, for you or for you love, will I do anything to harm my lord” (271-4).

Significance or Conveyance:

Honor

Early in the readings of Marie De France: Lanval, the writer tells the readers that even though Lanval is not respected by the King, however Lanval humbly shows his chivalry to the King and his honor towards his knighthood.

“They sent to the knight, / told and announced to him / that he should have his love come / to defend and stand surety for him. / He told them that he could not do it: / he would never receive help from her.” (461-6)

“By faith,” he said, “that is my love.” (597)

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:

Genre, Introduction, Notes:

 

 

PLOT/ SUMMARY:

·         King Arthur is awaiting to feast at his table and it is interrupted by the Green Knight.

·         Then Green Knight mocks everyone for he states that he has set forth to come and seek this highly accredited knights and offers  a challenge.

·         People in awe of him and his challenge, they leave the King himself to step up to the Green Knight. Gawain, steps in for King Arthur.

·         He takes the challenge to strike and Green Knight in the neck and in return for a similar blow.

·         The Green Knights head is chopped off, but he does not die. Yet, this supernatural creature carries his own head in hand and tells Gawain that he has a year and a day’s time to come have the same blow delivered to him. He must seek the Green Knight at the Green Chapel.

·         Nearly a year is passes and Gawain is off to search for the Green Knight, and ends up staying in a castle close to New Year’s day.

·         Upon his stay there, he is in pact with the lord of the castle, Bertilak, in which Bertilak will trade what his earnings for anything Gawain too has earned as he stays behind at the castle.

·         Gawain, conflicts with courtly love by the lord’s wife, as she tempts him to be with her behind the lord’s back.

·         She gives him kisses and return Gawain gives the lord kisses. Gawain chooses not to tell the lord of the gidle he receives from her, because it is said to have unworldly powers to help him.

·         It is time for Gawain to meet back with the Green Knight and receive his blow. He is told by the guide that he may escape and he would not tell, but Gawain chooses to meet his fate anyhow. (2130-39)

·         The Green Knight toys with Gawain as he swings at Gawain’s neck two times to see how Gawain will react.

·         The third blow The Green Knight actually draws blood and reveals himself to be the lord of the castle in which he was staying at.

·         Turns out, the lord’s wife is actually is Gawain’s own aunt and King Arthur’s half sister which has magical powers to change appearances. (2463-2469)

·         Gawain returns to the court, wearing the girdle as a badge, and the knights follow him and his loyalty.

CHARACTERS:

v  King Arthur

§  Accepts the challenge of the Green Knight, since at first no one steps up to the plate and he must uphold his duty obligation to his court to be a proudful leader and protect the reputation of Camelot.

§  Later honors Gawain for his bravery and loyalty.

v  Sir Gawain

§  Main character of the  poem and has to deal with many conflictions and trials.

v  The Green Knight / Bertilak de Hautdesert

§  The Green Knight, the one that appears at King Arthur’s court and challenges anyone to a axe beheading contest and is later known as Bertilak, the castle lord that allows Gawain to stay at his castle before his reencounter with the Green Knight (himself).

v  The Lord’s lady

§  Plays the evil, temptress to Sir Gawain

§  “You’re free to have my all, / do with me what you will. / I’ll come just as you call / and swear to serve you well.” (1237-40)

v  The guide to Green Chapel on New Year’s day

§  Offers Gawain to escape and he will not tell, which helps, in my opinion, to show Gawain to be loyal to himself and the king, as well as show us that death awaits all men and he must go on with fate and death.

ANALYZIZATIONS:

·         Chivalry

·         Temptation

·         Courtly Love

o   To be a good knight…

o   I am suppose to go to the Lady that is higher up than I am.

·         Trials

o   Tried over and over again, how?

·         Fate

·         Forgiveness (by others and by oneself- audio- Gawain doesn’t cut himself any slack when he lies what he got from the Queen that day)

·         Self-Preservation

o   Conflicts with chivalry, because chivalry request for you to go above and beyond, quote: SERVANT: “ Don’t worry I wont tell anyone you ran away, I would rather die…”

·         Honor

·         Honesty

·         Morality

o    Like Beowulf “if you are mortal, you must die”

·         Time

o   (Allegory of life) / Seasons Starts in winter and ends in one time. One year is like one’s life.

·         Death

·         Eternal Life

·         Women (Temptress/ Evil)

·         Supernatural Women (Gawain’s aunt)

 

SIGNIFICATE QUOTES:

But no wonder if a fool finds his way into folly and be wiped of his wits by womanly guile- it’s the way of the world. Adam fell because of a woman, and Solomon because of several, and as for Samson, was bamboozled by Bathsheba and bore the grief. All wrecked and ruined by their wrongs, if only we could love our ladies without believing their lies. (2414-21)

Significance or Conveyance:

The Norton Anthology states, mentioned in the introduction of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, “Sir Gawain epitomizes …blooming of Arthurian chivalry, and the reputation of the court rests upon his shoulders” (183). The poet also portrays women to be the downfall of many heroic men.

“So I ask you again, come and greet your aunt / and make merry in my house; you’re much loved there, / and, by my faith, I am as fond of you my friend / as any man under God, for your great truth.” (2467-70)

“Adam fell because of a woman, / and Solomon because of several, and as for Samson, / Delilah was his downfall, and afterwards David / was bamboozled by Bathsheba and bore the grief. / All wrecked and ruined by their wrongs, if only / we could love our ladies without believing their lies.” (2416-21)

Chaucer’s “General Prologue”

Genre, Introduction, Notes:

The narrator begins with a description of the Spring season.

He explains that during this time people have the urge to go on a pilgrimage (a quest).

He and the travelers are out to

Chaucer is giving readers cross section of medieval society through these tales.

The knight tells his tale first, of courtly love

The drunken Miller wants to tell of his tale, says the knights courtly love tale is boring

 

Side Notes:         Order of tales

                                Knows he is a cuckolded

                                Focus: How they tell their tales

“Although he was born a commoner and continued to associate with commoner in his official lie, he did not live as a commoner/ and although his training and service at court, his wife’s connections, and probably his poetry brought him into contact with the nobility, he must always have been conscious of the fact that he did not really belong to that society of which birth alone a could make a true member. Situated at the intersection of these social worlds, Chaucer had the gift of being able to view with both sympathy and humor the behaviors, beliefs, and pretensions of the diverse people who compromised the levels of society.” (240-241).

Significance or Conveyance:

Satire: In my opinion, with Chaucer’s personal history, and the fact that he mostly told his stories aloud, he was able to convey how people, yet divided into separate classes, do not have to be judged by their given classes and that because one is born into a particular class, this doesn’t mean we have to stereotype, because even the high class can be seen ignorant or fooled by one below his or her own class.

 

Miller’s Tale:

Genre, Introduction, Notes:

Fabliau (Comedic Dirty tale)

PLOT/ SUMMARY:

·         John is carpenter and is married to Allison in which they have a house big enough to allow boarders.

·         Nicholas stays at the house, and soon comes on to Alison

·         Alison at first denies, but Nicholas persists and Alison gives into the temptatation

·         The two flirts, plot to be with one another and devise a scheme to fool John

·         Nicholas claims he can foresee the future and tells John that a flood is to come and that he must build three individual boats (floaters) and hang them from the roof tops.

·         Absolon comes along the night of the flood, John sleeps awaiting for the flood, while Nicholas and Alison are trying to have their night together.

·         As Alison attempts to get rid of Absolon with a kiss from the window, she fools him to kiss her (hairy) bottom out the window and Absolon leaves off planning to come back vengefully

·         Absolon comes back with ring and a hot rod poker and asks for another kiss

·         Nicholas wants in, so he replaces Absolon and this time he sticks his farting butt out  the window

·         He gets burned with the rod and yells, “water!”

·         John is awaken thinking it’s the flood and cuts his boat and breaks his arm in the process

·         The town is left to laugh at the “Jerry Springer-eske” site
 

CHARACTERS:

v  The Miller

§  Drunken Narrator

v  John

§  Carpenter, old, married to Alison, has wealth, but not the brightest apple of the tree (illiterate), he battles with not wanting to be cuckolded

v  Alison

§  Married to John, looks attractive, she is of youth (18 years old), she’s a little bright

v  Nicholas

§  Boarding with John and Alison, attractive, bold, flirtatious, boasts about his knowledge towards astrology, 1 year educated of college

v  Absolon

§  Lower ranking clerk (parish), in love with Alison, uptight, squeamish about farts and prudish about vulgar talk, he sings and plays guitar

               

ANALYZIZATIONS:

·         Social class / Class issues

·         Age issues

·         Astrology

·         Men vs. Women Relations

·         Temptations

·         Religion (Absolon is a perish Clerk/ Flood) / Hypocrisy

·         Education

·         Vengeance

o   Absolon and his hot poker

·         Sex / Sexual Deviance

·         Cuckoldry

·         Jealousy

 

SIGNIFICATE QUOTES:

“of eighteteene yeer she was of age; / Jalous he was, and heeld hire narwe in cage” (115)

“For she was wilde and yond, and he was old, / And deemed himself been lik a cokewold” (116-7)

“Thus swived (the vulgar verb for having sexual intercourse) was the carpenters wif / For al his keeping (guarding) and his jalousie, / And Absolon hath kist hir nether (lower) ye” (742-4)

 

 

Wife of Bath’s Tale:

Genre, Introduction, Notes:

In prologue: dude rapes girl, complete control, king says death, queen, reoccurring theme of year to meet your faith,

 

PLOT/ SUMMARY:

·         Prologue is history of  her  and 5 husbands of the past

·         Tale is later told in which it begins with a knight who rapes a woman

·         He is put to trial by the king to be beheaded, but the queen steps in and announces a plea-bargain

·         He is told he has a year to save your own tale

·         He goes on a quest and has a hard time trying to figure out what women want

·         He meets an old lady  and she says that she will go with him to court and tell him the right answer in return that he will do whatever she asks when she asks

·         They go to court and what is revealed that women want control / soviergnty

·         His life is saved, but now the old lady wants to marry him.

·         He regretfully wants to marry her and now he is honor issues and this is what he has to do

·         He throws a hissy fit with her in bed, so she gives him a choice

§  She can be young and beautiful and sleep around, or remain old and be true to you.

·         He lets her choose (sovereignty)

·         She becomes beautiful and loyal!

 

CHARACTERS:

v  Wife of Bath

o   Has five husbands, strong minded, ready for the sixth husband

v  The Knight

o   Rapes a woman and is placed on a quest to seek what women wife to save his life

v  Old Lady

o   Supernatural, controlling, turns beautiful and young again

v  King

o   Seeks to punish the knight and wants to behead him

v  Queen                       

o   Steps in and offers that the knights life can be saved if he seeks what women want

ANALYZIZATIONS:

·         Marriage

·         Control

·         The role of women within marriage

·         No longer  a virgin, non-virginal

·         Sexual License with marriage

·         Do it within the church’s guidelines

·         Queen intercedes

·         What women want

·         Quests

·         Sovereignty (control)

 

·         Honor, wants to die because he is left to the old woman and his promise

 

·         Supernatural

 

SIGNIFICATE QUOTES:

“After that day we hadde never dabat/ God help me so, I was to him as kinde / As and wif from Denmark unto Inde” (828-31)

“What sholde I take keep hem foor to plese /  But it were for my profit and myn ese?” (219-20)

“That I have had my world as in my time. / But age, allas, that al wol envenime (poison)” (479-80)

Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale:

Genre, Introduction, Notes:

Exemplum (sermon)

o   Moralistic

o   Avarice/Greed is the root of all evil

·         Irony

 

Thomas Becket (Saint) buried in Canterbury (quest)

(Death)

 

PLOT/ SUMMARY:

Pardoner reveals he is not moral in his prologue and that he cheats people out of money

Tale:

 

Thomas Becket (Saint) buried in Canterbury (quest)

·         they think they are going to kill death

·         they encounter an old man also looking for death, but wants death to kill death

·         the three say he must be a spy

·         they lead old man to a tree

·         their they find a tree

·         they plot each other’s death

·         they send younger one into town

·         younger one poisons the drink “explains by saying those darn vermin, the apothecary thinks it’s for the rodents, while the other two plan on stabbing him in a wrestling match

·         they choose to drink to celebrate, which then kills them.

·         Pardoner’s Moral: Do not be Greedy

·         Chaucer’s Moral: His critique of the Catholic practice of pardoners

 

CHARACTERS:

v  Pardoner

o   Is greedy, he is an asswhole, he is a hypocrite

v  Rioters

o   Greedy, witty, search for death

v  Death

o   Sought out by the rioters, but death cannot die, yet Death is the one causes death

ANALYZIZATIONS:

·         Death

o   3 people looking for death

·         Exemplum (sermon)

o   Moralistic

o   Avarice/Greed is the root of all evil

·         Irony

·         Prideful

·         Gluttony (drunk)

·         Quest

 

SIGNIFICATE QUOTES:

“The Pardoner’s Tale is a bombastic sermon against gluttony, gambling, and swearing, which he preaches to the pilgrims to show off his professional skills.” (p.311)

“The yiftes of Fortune and of Nature / Been cause of deeth to many a creature.” (10-1)

“And fain he wolde wreke him if he mighte / On vermin that destroyed him by nighte” (569-70)

Margery Kemp

PLOT/ SUMMARY:

·         Margery is introduced and is portrayed to be a bit off

·         She speaks in the third person and is a bit crazy and thinks the devil is speaking to her

·         Gets ill and has visions

·         She has a revelation and believes Jesus talks to her

·         Agrees with husband that they will not sleep together

·         She becomes so enthralled into Jesus, she believes she Jesus in many men, usually attractive ones

·         She hosts a flutter at mass and goes off onto a pilgrimage (quest) to Jerusalem

·         In her own way, marries Jesus

·         She gets away with a lot because she is the daughter of a mayor, (she should  be trialed for being the way  she  is)

CHARACTERS:

v  Margery

o   Highly religious, has visions, had 14 children, believes she has marriage-like connection with Jesus, and goes around crying and looking a bit crazy proclaiming her new found ways

v  Husband

o   He wants to be with wife sexually, but has agreed to her celibacy and is old

ANALYZIZATIONS:

·         Physical aspects of Jesus

·         Physical experience of faith

·         Large illiterate population – they might not be able to read the Bible, but they can go and confess

·         Women’s greater access to faith

·         Women’s rights, mobility (safe to travel)

·         Class (she got away with a lot because she was Mayor’s daughter)

 

SIGNIFICATE QUOTES:

“The Book of Margery Kempe is the spiritual autobiography of a medieval laywoman, telling of her struggles to carry out instructions for a holy life that she claimed to have received in personal visions from Christ and the Virgin Mary.” (p.424)

“Her imitation of Christ moves her to travel vasst distances to be present at the scenes of Christ’s suffering, just as she sees Christ present in male babies or good-looking young men.” (p.425)

“Some great clerks said our Lay cried never so, nor no saint in heaven, but they knew full little what she felt, nor would they not believe that she might have abstained from crying if she wished.” (p.430)

Significance or Conveyance:

Obligation

Although God sends vengeance to the world with such acts like earthquakes, he uses Margery to spread the word,  hence even though people do not understand her, since she is not being bad, yet extremely sad, the people seemed to be at awe that she cries with deep feelings her compassion to spread God’s word.

“Daughter why have you forsaken me, and I forsook you never” (p.426)

Everyman

Genre, Introduction, Notes:

Genre : Morality Play

                Teach you a moral, spreading issues of faith to a largely illiterate population.

 

PLOT/ SUMMARY:

·         Everyman asks for more time because he is not ready to die yet

·         Death comes along and says he will find someone to die and vouch for him

·         He goes around asking plenty but they say no.

·         Knowledge seems to know the way by proclaiming he must repent

·         It is said that with age, worldly attributes widdle away.

·         The doctor comes in and validates at the end.

CHARACTERS:

v  Everyman

o   Is searching for a way out of dying, and is visited by Death

v  Death

o   Helps seek a voucher/replacement for Everyman’s quest to escape dying

v  Fellowship and Kindred cousins:

o   The family and friends that refuse to fill in

v  Goods

v  Good deeds

v  Beauty

v  Discretion

ANALYZIZATIONS:

·         Good deeds

·         Repent/ confess

·         Mortality (being prepare)

·         Quest to prepare for death

·         You cannot take your worldly goods and attributes

·         Time

·         Class (assumption that people will not get this so send in the upper class doctor).

 

SIGNIFICATE QUOTES:

“All that liveth appaireth (degenerates) fast.” (44)

Significance or Conveyance:

Quoted by God in direct detail that coincides with other related works of the Middle Ages, that basically, in my opinion is plain to see, that with life comes death. You cannot escape death; death is inevitable. Even writing this statement freaks me out and makes me realize too that life is short and do not take it for granted.

“Beauty goeth fast away fro me-/ She promised with me to live and die!” (805)

“All earthly things in vanity. / Beauty, Strength, and Discretion do man forsake, / Foolish friends and kinsmen that fair spake-“ (869-71)